ITO Top?Electrodes via Industrial?Scale PLD for Efficient Buffer?Layer?Free Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

The deposition of transparent conductive oxides (TCO) usually employs harsh conditions that are frequently harmful to soft/organic underlayers. Herein, successful use an industrial pulsed laser (PLD) tool directly deposit indium tin oxide (ITO) films on semitransparent vacuum-deposited perovskite solar cells without damage the device stack is demonstrated. morphological, electronic, and optical properties PLD deposited ITO optimized. A direct relation between chamber pressure cell performance obtained. prepared exclusively by vacuum-assisted techniques had fill factors 78% exceeded 18% in power conversion efficiencies. This demonstrates TCO-based top electrodes protective buffer layers possible leads efficient devices.